Venomous Animals in the Portuguese Territory: Clinical Management of Bites and Stings

Authors

  • Sofia R. Valdoleiros erviço de Doenças Infeciosas. Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João. Porto. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4283-7549
  • Inês Correia Gonçalves Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas. Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto. Porto.
  • Carolina Silva Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas. Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto. Porto.
  • Diogo Guerra Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas. Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto. Porto.
  • Lino André Silva Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas. Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto. Porto.
  • Fernando Martínez-Freiría CIBIO/InBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos. Universidade do Porto. Vairão.
  • Fátima Rato Centro de Informação Antivenenos. Instituto Nacional de Emergência Médica. Lisboa.
  • Sandra Xará Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas. Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto. Porto.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.15589

Keywords:

Animals, Bites and Stings, Portugal, Scorpion Stings, Snake Bites, Snake Venoms, Spider Bites, Venoms

Abstract

There are many native species of animals with the potential to cause severe disease in Portugal. Of the four clinically relevant snake species, the vipers (Vipera latastei and Vipera seoanei) are the most concerning. They can cause severe disease and require in-hospital management, monitoring and specific treatment, including the administration of anti-snake venom serum. The Malpolon monspessulanus and Macroprotodon brevis snakes cause mostly localized clinical manifestations, which do not require specific treatment. Only a minority of the spider species in Portugal possess chelicerae (mouthparts of the Chelicerata, shaped as either articulated fangs or pincers, which may contain venom or be connected to the venom glands and are used for predation or capture of food) long enough to perforate the human skin. Nevertheless, Latrodectus tredecimguttatus and Loxosceles rufescens spider bites may require specialized treatment in a hospital setting, as well as careful active symptom surveillance. Diversely, the treatment for Scolopendra cingulata and Scolopendra oraniensis centipedes’ bites is merely symptomatic. The only existing scorpion species in Portugal is the Buthus ibericus; its sting typically causes local symptoms with intense pain, and its treatment consists essentially of analgesia. The insects of the Hymenoptera order, such as bees and wasps, have the ability to inject venom into the skin. Most people present only with local or regional inflammatory response, and symptomatic treatment is usually effective. Even so, individuals with hypersensitivity to bee venom may develop anaphylaxis. Several marine species in the Portuguese coast are venomous to humans, including weeverfish (Trachinidae family), stingrays (Dasyatis pastinaca, Taeniura grabata, Myliobatis aquila), red scorpion fish (Scorpaena scrofa), cnidaria (Pelagia noctiluca, Chrysaora hysoscella, Physalia physalis) and bearded fireworm (Hermodice carunculata); treatment is symptomatic. Contact with the larvae or bristles (chitinous structures with locomotor or tactile functions) of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (pine processionary) can cause cutaneous, ocular and, rarely, respiratory reactions; its management is also symptomatic.

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Published

2021-11-02

How to Cite

1.
Valdoleiros SR, Gonçalves IC, Silva C, Guerra D, Silva LA, Martínez-Freiría F, Rato F, Xará S. Venomous Animals in the Portuguese Territory: Clinical Management of Bites and Stings. Acta Med Port [Internet]. 2021 Nov. 2 [cited 2024 Nov. 8];34(11):784-95. Available from: https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/15589

Issue

Section

Guidelines